Rattles, Toys and Miniature Artefacts:Archaeological Insights into Childhood and Children’s Identities at Vlooienburg, Amsterdam ca. 1600‐1800

Archaeological excavations of more than 100 cesspits in the Vlooienburg neighbourhood in Amsterdam in 1980-81 produced several find assemblages, containing significant amounts of objects which can be related to childhood. Miniature artefacts, gaming pieces, toys, rattles and other finds that were recovered from the site help us to shed light on the position of children and the processes of their socialization within the Vlooienburg community between ca. 1600 and 1800. The first goal of this paper is to disclose the child-related archaeological data from Vlooienburg in order to contribute to the archaeological and historical study of children’s identities in the past. The second goal is to enrich our understanding of the care for children in the 17th and 18th century. In order to do so, this paper will first discuss the artefacts related to babies and toddlers, followed by the investigation of toys and play time for children of an older age. A specific element within the analysis of the toys will be the study of the many miniature artefacts that were uncovered during the Vlooienburg excavations. They make up a significant part of this study due to their role in children’s games, in which daily adult life and routine was mimicked by children, encouraging their socio-cultural development

Linearized inverse scattering based on seismic Reverse Time Migration

In this paper we study the linearized inverse problem associated with imaging of reflection seismic data. We introduce an inverse scattering transform derived from reverse-time migration (RTM). In the process, the explicit evaluation of the so-called normal operator is avoided, while other differential and pseudodifferential operator factors are introduced. We prove that, under certain conditions, the transform yields a partial inverse, and support this with numerical simulations. In addition, we explain the recently discussed 'low-frequency artifacts' in RTM, which are naturally removed by the new method

Asymptotic wave-splitting in anisotropic linear acoustics

Linear acoustic wave-splitting is an often used tool in describing sound-wave propagation through earth's subsurface. Earth's subsurface is in general anisotropic due to the presence of water-filled porous rocks. Due to the complexity and the implicitness of the wave-splitting solutions in anisotropic media, wave-splitting in seismic experiments is often modeled as isotropic. With the present paper, we have derived a simple wave-splitting procedure for an instantaneously reacting anisotropic media that includes spatial variation in depth, yielding both a traditional (approximate) and a `true amplitude' wave-field decomposition. One of the main advantages of the method presented here is that it gives an explicit asymptotic representation of the linear acoustic-admittance operator to all orders of smoothness for the smooth, positive definite anisotropic material parameters considered here. Once the admittance operator is known we obtain an explicit asymptotic wave-splitting solution.Comment: 20 page

The archaeology of Vlooienburg:Materiality and daily life in multicultural Amsterdam, 1600-1800

In the 1980s, large-scale excavations took place in the centre of Amsterdam, on the location of the Vlooienburg neighbourhood, which is today's Waterlooplein. The archaeological finds that were uncovered from the cesspits there provide a wealth of information about daily life and diversity in Vlooienburg in the 17th and 18th centuries. Through an in dept analyses of these finds, this dissertation contributes to a more nuanced picture of the so-called Dutch 'golden age' and attempts to move beyond traditional narratives of prosperity and spices, which has lead to more specific stories about the identity Vlooienburg inhabitants. This dissertation is compiled of different material studies, related to various aspects of identity, diversity and daily life, embedded in an theoretical framework. A case study concerning Portuguese ceramics underlines the story and daily practice of Portuguese migrants who settled in Amsterdam. The study of the materiality of the earliest Jewish community in Amsterdam discusses the visibility of religious practice within the archaeological record. And other elements of daily life that are represented in this dissertation are related to the care taking of babies and children, and the change in consumer preferences that occurred in the 17th century due to the global trade

How young people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds experience mental health: some insights for mental health nurses

This article reports on a part of a study which looked at the mental health of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) young people. The research sought to learn from CALD young people, carers, and service providers experiences relevant to the mental health of this group of young people. The ultimate goal was to gain insights that would inform government policy, service providers, ethnic communities and most importantly the young people themselves. To this end, qualitative interviews were undertaken with 123 CALD young people, 41 carers and 14 mental health service providers in Queensland, Western Australia and South Australia. Only one aspect of the study will be dealt with here, namely the views of the young CALD participants, which included risk factors, coping strategies and recommendations about how they could be supported in their struggle to maintain mental health. One of the most important findings of the study relates to the resilience of these young people and an insight into the strategies that they used to cope. The efforts of these young people to assist us in our attempts to understand their situation deserve to be rewarded by improvements in the care that we provide. To this end this article sets out to inform mental health nurses of the results of the study so that they will be in a position to better understand the needs and strengths of their CALD clients and be in a better position to work effectively with them

Influence of inspiration level on bronchial lumen measurements with computed tomography

SummaryBackgroundBronchial dimensions measured in CT images generally do not take inspiration level into consideration. However, some studies showed that the bronchial membrane is distensible with airway inflation. Therefore, re-examination of the elasticity of bronchi is needed.PurposeTo assess the influence of respiration on bronchial lumen area (defined as distensibility) in different segmental bronchi and to explore the correlations between distensibility and both lung function and emphysema severity.Material and methodsIn 44 subjects with COPD related to alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), bronchial lumen area was measured in CT images, acquired at different inspiration levels. Measurements were done at matched locations in one apical and two basal segmental airways (RB1, RB10 and LB10). Airway distensibility was calculated as lumen area difference divided by lung volume difference.ResultsBronchial lumen area in the lower lobes (RB10 and LB10) correlated positively with FEV1%predicted (p=0.027 for RB10; and p=0.037 for LB10, respectively). Lumen area is influenced by respiration (p=0.006, p=0.045, and, p=0.005 for RB1, RB10 and LB10, respectively). Airway distensibility was different between upper and lower bronchi (p<0.001), but it was not correlated with lung function.ConclusionLumen area of third generation bronchi is dependent on inspiration level and this distensibility is different between bronchi in the upper and lower lobes. Therefore, changes in lumen area over time should be studied whilst accounting for the lung volume changes, in order to estimate the progression of bronchial disease while excluding the effects of hyperinflation